Nickel fusion and nickel energy technology all started with Andrea Rossi and his nickel fusion reactor (ECat). Rossi’s nickel fusion reactor uses a special catalyst to fuse hydrogen with nickel to produce enough nickel energy to boil water. The steam produced is used to turn turbines that will generate electricity. It’s a nickel energy system, that if proven, could lead to clean and cheap source of cold fusion energy.
Possible explanation of how nickel energy is produced by a nickel fusion reactor…
Leaving aside for the moment any rigorous theoretical approach of nickel energy based on quantitative analyses, I would like to focus, qualitatively only, on the subject of shielding of dispersed protons in the electronic cloud within the crystal structure. The Focardi-Rossi Nickel Fusion approach considers this shielding a basic requirement for surpassing the Coulomb barrier between the hydrogen nuclei (protons) and the Nickel lattice nuclei, resulting into release of energy, which is a fact, through a series of exothermic nuclear processes leading to transmutations, decays, etc.
The reasoning presented in this note is based on elementary considerations of
- The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental energy state
- The Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- The high speed of nuclear reactions (10^-20 sec)
The hydrogen atom (Bohr) in its fundamental state, in the absence of energy perturbations, remains indefinitely in its stationary state shown below. This is due to the in-phase wave (de Broglie), which follows the “circular” path of its single orbiting electron. The wave length and radius of the “circular” path are determined by the fundamental energy state of this atom.
When hydrogen atoms come in contact with the metal (Ni), they abandon their stationary state as they deposit their electrons in the conductivity band of the metal, and due to their greatly reduced volume, compared to that of their atom, the hydrogen nuclei (naked protons) readily diffuse into the defects of the nickel crystalline structure as well as in tetrahedral or octahedral void spaces of the crystal lattice.
It should be underlined that, in addition to the deposited hydrogen electrons, in the nickel mass included are also electrons of the chemical potential of the metal. Jointly these electrons constitute the conductivity electronic cloud, distributed in energy bands (Fermi), and quasi free to move throughout the metallic mass.
In this dynamic state of “non-localized” plasma, based on the uncertainty principle (Heisenberg),
It is conceivable that, for a very short time period (e.g. 10^-18 sec), a series of neutral mini atoms of hydrogen could be formed, in an unstable state, of various size and energy level, distributed within the Fermi band, which is enlarged due to the very short time (Heisenberg).
The neutral mini-atoms of high energy and very short wave length – which is in phase with the “cyclic” orbit (de Broglie) – are statistically captured be the nickel nuclei of the crystal structure with the speed of nuclear reactions (10ˆ-20 sec).
For these mini-atoms to fuse with the nickel nuclei, apart from their neutral character for surpassing the Coulomb barrier, they must have dimensions smaller than 10ˆ-14 m, where nuclear cohesion forces, of high intensity but very short range, are predominant. It is assumed that only a percentage of such atoms satisfy this condition (de Broglie).
The above considerations are based only on an intuitive approach and I trust this phenomenon could be tackled in a systematic and integrated way through the “theory of time dependent perturbations” by employing the appropriate Hamiltonian, which includes time:
The mechanism proposed by Focardi – Rossi, verified by mass spectroscopy data, which predicts transmutation of a nickel nucleus to an unstable copper nucleus (isotope), remains in principle valid. The difference is that inside the unstable copper nucleus, produced from the fusion of a hydrogen mini-atom with a nickel nucleus, is trapped the mini-atom electron (?-), which in my opinion undergoes in-situ annihilation, with the predicted (Focardi-Rossi) decay ?+ of the new copper nucleus.
The ?+ and ?- annihilation (interaction of matter and anti-matter) would lead to the emission of a high energy photon, ?, (Einstein) from the nucleus of the now stable copper isotope and a neutrin to conserve the lepton number. However, based on the principle of conservation of momentum, as a result of the backlash of this nucleus, the photon energy ? is divided into kinetic energy of this nucleus of large mass (heat) and a photon of low frequency.
Prof. Ch. E. Stremmenos (ATHENS, DIC. 1910)
A more detailed and theoretical explanation for nickel fusion and the generation of excess nickel energy can be understood by watching this entertaining video series.
Rossi Nickel Fusion & Nickel Energy News…
nickel+hydrogen=energy
The Andrea Rossi Energy Catalyzer - Adding to our Clean, Renewable Energy Future!
References…
- Fear Mongering: From Cannabis to Cold Fusion (PESN; January 23, 2011)
- Fighting the Infection of Cynical Skepticism with Cold Fusion (PESN; January 21, 2011)
- Hope Grows as Journals Weigh in on Italian Cold Fusion Breakthrough (PESN; January 19, 2011)
- Cold Fusion getting hot with 10kw heater prepping for market (PESN; January 17, 2011)
- Bloomberg’s EnergyNow Names E-Cat as Week’s HotZone (PESN; November 7, 2011)
- Mainstream News of Andrea Rossi’s LENR E-Cat (PESWiki; November 7, 2011)
- E-Cat Orders Being Taken After Successful Launch (PESN; November 3, 2011)
- Fox News E-Cat Article Needs Work (PESN; November 2, 2011)
- Rossi’s E-Cat Victory on Cold Fusion’s Emergence Day — E-Day (PESN; November 2, 2011)
- After the E-Cat Test: Report and Q&A with Rossi (PESN; October 31, 2011)
- Rebuttal to Krivit’s Accusation that Andrea Rossi is a Fraudster (PESN; October 30, 2011)
- 1 MW E-Cat Cold Fusion Device Test Successful (PESN; October 28, 2011)
- How Much is One (1) Megawatt? (PESWiki; October 27, 2011)
- Tracking the One Megawatt E-Cat Test October 28, 2011 (PESWiki; October 20, 2011)
- Cheap power: An overnight revolution — Commentary (PESN; October 16, 2011)
- Rossi Answers Questions on the E-Cat (PESN; October 11, 2011)
- Cold Fusion E-Cat Case Design Competition (PESWiki; October 10, 2011)
- E-Cat Test Validates Cold Fusion Despite Challenges (PESN; October 8, 2011)
- Photos of the October 6, 2011 E-Cat Test (PESWiki; October 5, 2011)
- Real-Time Updates on the October 6, 2011 E-Cat Test (PESWiki; October 5, 2011)
- Scientists to Test Cold Fusion E-Cat (PESN; Sept. 26, 2011)
- Rossi’s Home Sacrificed For Cold Fusion E-Cat Launch (PESN; Sept. 21, 2011)
- The Ultimate Ni-H Cold Fusion E-Cat Test (PESN; Sept. 16, 2011)
- Anniversary Interview with Rossi Slated for January 14, 3pm MST (PESN; January 5, 2011)
- One Full Year of Andrea Rossi’s E-Cat (PESN; December 30, 2011)
- Has Defkalion’s President Confirmed the Accusations of Rossi and Stremmenos? (PESN; November 29, 2011)
- A Week of E-Cat News Flurry (PESN; November 29, 2011)
- ECat.com Launched by N. Europe Licensee (PESN; November 17, 2011)
- Sterling Allan on the up and down of Rossi’s approval of Leonardo-ECat.com (PESN; November 16, 2011)
- My 11.11.11. Message on Planetary Explosion – to Collapse or to Fortune (PESN; November 14, 2011)
- National Instruments signs to do E-Cat controls (PESN; November 10, 2011)
- Bloomberg’s EnergyNow Names E-Cat as Week’s HotZone (PESN; November 7, 2011)
- Mainstream News of Andrea Rossi’s LENR E-Cat (PESWiki; November 7, 2011)
- E-Cat Orders Being Taken After Successful Launch (PESN; November 3, 2011)
- Fox News E-Cat Article Needs Work (PESN; November 2, 2011)
- Rossi’s E-Cat Victory on Cold Fusion’s Emergence Day — E-Day (PESN; November 2, 2011)
- After the E-Cat Test: Report and Q&A with Rossi (PESN; October 31, 2011)
- E-Cat Weekly — January 12, 2012 (PESN)
- E-Cat Weekly — January 5, 2012 (PESN)
- E-Cat Weekly — December 29, 2011 (PESN)
- E-Cat Weekly — December 22, 2011 (PESN)
- E-Cat Weekly — December 15, 2011 (PESN)
- E-Cat Weekly — December 8, 2011 (PESN)
- Has Defkalion’s President Confirmed the Accusations of Rossi and Stremmenos? (PESN; November 29, 2011)
- A Week of E-Cat News Flurry (PESN; November 29, 2011)
- ECat.com Launched by N. Europe Licensee (PESN; November 17, 2011)
- Sterling Allan on the up and down of Rossi’s approval of Leonardo-ECat.com (PESN; November 16, 2011)
- My 11.11.11. Message on Planetary Explosion – to Collapse or to Fortune (PESN; November 14, 2011)
- National Instruments signs to do E-Cat controls (PESN; November 10, 2011)
- Rossi’s 1 MW Cold Fusion E-Cat Reactor Photos and Video Posted (PESN; Sept. 14, 2011)
- More Uncertainty as Ni-H Cold Fusion Launches Near – NASA (PESN; Sept. 6, 2011)
- Rossi-Defkalion Split Controversy – index of articles (PESN; Aug. 7,8, 2011)
- E-Cat Competitors Revealed During Viareggio Conference (PESN; July 25, 2011)
- Rossi’s Self Sustaining One Megawatt Reactor (PESN; July 21, 2011)
- E-Cat News Coming Fast and Furious (PESN; July 14, 2011)
- EV World Interviews Andrea Rossi (PESN; July 14, 2011)
- Hitler Panics Over Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer (PESN; July 5, 2011)
- Cheap Cold Fusion to Save World Billions (PESN; July 3, 2011)
- Defkalion Press Conference Reveals E-Cat Rollout Plans (PESN; June 25, 2011)
- A Nobel Laureate speaks out on the Energy Catalyzer (PESN; June 23, 2011)
- Rossi Explains E-Cat Setup in New Video (PESN; June 21, 2011)
- Defkalion Announces Energy Catalyzer Press Conference (PESN; June 17, 2011)
- Cold Fusion #1 Claims NASA Chief (PESN; May 31, 2011)
- Ampenergo Amps Up Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer in America (PESN; May 17, 2011)
- Seven Reasons to Embrace Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer (E-Cat) (PESN; May 7, 2011)
- NyTeknik Validates Rossi’s Energy Catalyzer (PESN; May 2, 2011)
- Sterling Allan on Cash-Flow: “It’s an act of revolution to support free energy.” (PESN; April 28, 2011)
- Rossi Cold Fusion Validated by Swedish Skeptic’s Society (PESN; April 7, 2011)
- Breakdown to Breakthrough is Possible Now(PESN; March 25, 2011)
- Andrea Rossi with Sterling Allan on Coast to Coast AM (PESN; March 24, 2011)
- Multi-kilowatt Ni-H cold fusion demo January 14 in Italy (PESN; January 14, 2011)
***Stay tuned for more on Nickel Fusion and Nickel Energy Technology.
External Links
I found some excellent sites that will provide more information about this subject...
Whatever Happened to Cold Fusion?
Is the nuclear generator called "e-cat" a revolution for the ...
2012: The Year of Cold Fusion? - ABC News
Cold Fusion by Rossi and Focardi - YouTube
How is cold fusion supposed to work without defying the law of ...
nickel+hydrogen=energy
